'Towards the Quality of Higher Education\r'

'TOWARDS THE QUALITY OF high EDUCATION outline review of the theatrical role of high acquirement in Ancient India: The ashes of high(prenominal)(prenominal) educaton is started from the superannuated times in India. During the ancient times, schooling was closely linked with religon. It was taken up by Teachers as a labour of love and by the pupils as part of their reproduction for culture and citizenshp. It was non universal command. In regard to high(prenominal) instituton of learning †Tols (Higher raising) was positive among the Hindus and Madrassah (Higher genteelness) was existed among the Muslim.Although the Hindu and Muslims had separate learning institution, legion(predicate) an separate(prenominal) features were common to both the types of institution. Under the Buddhist rulers in India, Learning was fostered by the numerous monasteries under the steerage of monks and nuns. The Brahmanical establishment of program line method importantly center ed at home of Individual Teacher was superseded by monasteries remains of Buddhist upbringing. For the primary time in India, and maybe in the whole world, a great storied Buddhist seat of high learning resembling Taxila, Nalanda, Vikramshila and V onlyabhi Universities were flourished in India which merchantman be comp atomic round 18d with modern Universties.These Universities were advance well organised than the Brahmanical high education because they recieved solid ground endowment for more centuries from the successive kings from the time of Buddha. The Universities introduced invari fitted course of studies in polar subjects and admission tally for all bookmans. in that location was no discrimination in admission and Technical Education and Women Education were in like manner introduced as it recieved encouragement from the ruler and the rich people. Amongst these Universities of ancient India, Nalanda Universities was take its specialities.Students from Chi na, Nepal, Tibet, Korea etc came to study and obtain valu up to(p) knowledge. watch test was really strict and only 20 percent of the candidates succeeded in getting admission during this result. Brief review of Indian Education instruction in Modern India: The system of high education, which we find instantly in our country, started aft(prenominal) the advent of the British in India. When the Brtish effected their authority in India, they did not uncoerced to take responsibility of educating the Indian people. In station to teach around Indians for minor jobs in the beau monde’s office, they started schools and colleges.By the charter act of 1813, only oneness lakh of rupees for the advantage of the quality of education was left. The British rulers only established many a(prenominal) political science and undercover colleges and the higher education was in a very disorganise at the time. Within a period of time, The British rulers realised that the necessi ty to organise and better the quality of education and plant Wood’s Despatched of 1854. As a result of the recommendations make by Wood’s Despatched of 1854, the Universities of Culcutta, Bombay and Madras were established n 1857 on the model of London University.On the model of the formers, Allahabad University was in any case established in 1882. But all universities performed the functioned of only conducting examinations and affiliating bodies and undertook no direction and research. In magnitude to enquired the trite of Indian education and prep bed recommendations, the organization of India appointed confused Indian Education tutelages and prefered eminent educationist as a members. Within a period of hunhred course of studys, 6th Education boots were appointed.The recommendations of sixth Indian Education re bribeations can be conveniently studied under the undermentioned:- i) Indian Education Commission or huntsman Commisson, 1882:By accepting th e recommendation of Hunter Commission 1882, the college education recieved a great impetus and a deem of colleges were established during 1901-1902. ii) Indian Universities Commission in 1902:During the period of Lord Curzon, University Education made a great feeler. In yield to improve the quality of University Education in all branches, Lord curzon select the policy of take care and improvement.He appointed Indian Universities Commission in 1902 in cast to enquired the develops and working of the Indian Universities and made necessary mites. Two years later, Indian University Act 1904 was passed. This act brought many important swap in the organisation, jurisdiction, powers and administration etc of the universties. The expansion of the university education was canvas for well-nightime, due to lack of revolutionary change in the system of universities. But it was admitted later on which modify and reforms the conditions and touchstones of the contemporary universitie s and colleges. ii) Culcutta Univesity Commission or Sadler Commission, 1917: aft(prenominal) the proof of Allahabad Universities 1882, no new universitiy was established till 1917. However, a moment of colleges were change magnitude. In order to cope with the increased work, the Culcutta Univesity Commission or Sadler Commission was appointed by The British organization. Although, the perpetration was mainly interfere in the difficultys of Culcutta University, it gave out reforms and change which were great value into higher education in India as a whole. Now, the Universities were not only examining body, save became a centre of teaching and learning.By accepting recommendation of the Commission 1917, more than 16 universities were established in different places of India till 1947. iv) Indian University Education Commission or Radhakrishnan Commission, 1948:The expansion of higher education has recieved a great impetus after Independence. Number of institution in the field of higher education and enrollement of students in the centers of higher studies were increased year by year. The university education was imparted through arts, science and trading and lord colleges, researched institution.The institutions deemed to be universities under the University Grants agency Act, 1956. In adition to Central universities, state universties and their affiliated colleges, Indira Gandhi Open Universty and other Open Universities are doing commendable job in the field of higher education. In order to worthy the present and future requirements of the country, the Government of India appointed Indian Education Commission or Radhakrishnan Commission in 1948 to suggest improvements and extentions of th Indian Universities. The terms of quote of the commission were very wide and vast.It suggested that various aspects of the university Education in India and means for the improvement and reorganisation of the university education. enquiry and other bill of uni versity educaton, jobs of teachers, curriculum, medium of instructon, religious education, problem of discipline, health and residence of the students an such allied problems in the perspective of the natonal and international conditions. In fact, The report of this Commissions is the closely comprehensive report on education, and its recommendations is very important and far reaching consequences. ) Secondary Education Commission or Mudaliar Commission, 1952 vi) subject Education Commission or Kothari Commission (1964-66): Since Independence, there has been a hefty deal of quantitative development of education but qualitative has lagged behind. Unimplementing of the policy of the directive principles of the constitution to strain free and copulsory education below 14 years, problem of literacy, low commonplace of primary and secondary edcation, variegation of curriculum and problem of educated unemployment were the the main problems since Independence.In order to evaluate t he different stages of education and to evolved a National system of Education, the Government of India appointed the Kothari Commission in July 14, 1964. The Commission submitted its report and recommendation in June, 1966. mint expressed high hopes when the Reports of the Education commission was first published in 1966. Already, several years contribute passed, nothing has practically been done to achieved the targets as recommended by the commission. The commission give any useful implication an the source of finance, on which the implementation of the recommendations entirely depends.If it si of course a fact that it was not the bussiness of the commission to deal with the financial side, but we cannot ignore reality. The suggestion made by the Kothari Commission in revere of different organs of education were very important. The Government switch already implemented some of the suuggestions and the attack are dummy up creation made to slay important the rest of the su ggestion. Taking all things into consideration, we may say that the report of the education Commission is a sincere attempt to improve the existing system of education in all aspects and in all stages.If it can be implemented, it will remove some of the glaring defects of our educational system. Problems Higher Education: It is deport from the preceding(prenominal) discussion that the expansion of higher education has recieved a great impetus since independence. The policy of the government still has been to increase the number of the institutions of higher education rather than the aim at the qualitative progress of higher education. Besides this, the government did not pay back proper attention to the multi-lateral problems of higher education and not made special effort to remove the defects of higher education.Since recommendation made by the Kothari Commission, the government stated National Educational Policy of 1986. It is good that is world given to the specializaton in higher education. The problems of the higher and University education in india is nothing but the problems of Indian connection in general. If we want to established a fraternity based on the principles of democratic socialism, we must use up reoriented the entire educational structure. Without a hgh standard of general, vocatonal and professional education, democracy cannot survived. But there is a still a lag between our Ideal and reality.Our Universities have not been able to shake off the monstrous load of bookish knowledge. The main problems for the falling of the standard and quality of higher and universities education in India are under the following:- 1. No definite aims among students of higher education:One of the problem which checked the standard of higher education is its aimlessness. Most of the student are recieved higher education without having any definite aim. the student must have definite aim forward starting hgher education. In order to raise the standard of higher education, the university should change the aims and objectives.Newmen remarks the aims of university education in 1952, â€Å"If a practical and must be assign to a university course, the i say it is training of good members of the society. ” 2. augment of Wastage and Stagnation:The problem of wastage and stagnaton exist in a greater stop at the stage of higher and university education. Most of the important causes of wastage and stagnation are unable methods of teaching, unhealthy purlieu of institution and society, defective system of curriculum and examination and lack of finance among the students etc.In order to put to work this problem, it suggest that to make healthy environment of institutions and society, rewrite and reforms of curriculum and examination system, raise the standard of teaching and given grants and loans to effort the study of students. 3. overleap of touch oning subjects in Curriculum:Most of the the curriculum of college are old a nd out of date and failed to execute the please of the student which checked the quick-witted developmentof the student. Radhakrishnan Commission remarks, â€Å"A curriculum which had validity in the Vedic period or the renaissance cannot continue unchanged in the 20th century. To solve this problem, the curriculum should revised and reforms for the interest of young advanced students. 4. Specialisation in Education:University emphasized spacialization in different subjects. After land upd University education, students acquired special knowledge and skills in some particular subjects. Their outlook remains shorten and pallid to became completely educated in real sense. This narrow specializaton can be remove by establishing consonance between general education and specialization which developed the personality of the students and will became dutiful citizens. Absence of proper Guidance and Councelling for student:The absence of proper guidande and councelling, the students select their course according to their own choice or with thw advice of some inexperience persons. Consequently, most of the students make a wrong choice in their subjects and lost interest in their study. In order to solve this problem, the educational institution should make provision of experience and trained persons to provide proper guidandance and councelling of students from the beginning till the end. 6. start standard of Teaching:The standard of teaching in our colleges and university is very low.Many suggestions has made to raise the standard of teaching in education. The more prominents are †increase the compensation of the teachers, balanced workload of teachers, improvement of service condition of teacher, provision of tutorial classes, well-organised libraries and laboratories, encouragement of debates and discussion, Professional training for Junior Lecturers and Re-orientation Course for new Lecturers. 7. Defective run System:The present examination system o f our universities has many defects and severely criticized by ndian and foreign educatonist.The university education commission of 1949 points out that, â€Å"If we are any single reforms in universty, it should be that of examinaton. ” It can be reforms through scientific method. In order to reforms Examination system, it suggest that espousal of continous comprehensive internal evaluation, semester system and grading system. It withal suggest to developed question banks, demarcation of syllabus, background signal and moderations of question, Evaluation of answer script and conduct of examinations. 8. indiscipline among the Student:The problem of indiscipline among students is very in force(p) and complicated in educatonal institution.Financial irregularity, minor and disorderly misconduct, theft and burglary, sex misconduct, misuse of privledge and cheating n examination were the main problems of institutions. Professor Siddhant remarks, â€Å"the best way to solve is to divert the activities into healthy channels including sports, games, cooperative, living in hostels, self-management of masses, organise debates and symposia, councelling of indiscipline students etc. 9. overly ofttimes Interference of Student Societies in College Affairs:The student societies in educational institutions of higher education as well make a serious problem.They were too oft interfered in the affairs of the institutons which prove to be a scourge. In order to reduce this problem, the uiversity ntroduced legislaton for keeping control of student societies. In order to developed the intellectual powers of student and homely atmosphere of instituton, the student societies should overly organised programme like leadership training, smell skills training, seminars, workshop etc. 10. Rapid increase of the number of Student:The development of higher education in India is taking place rapidly since Independence. The numbr of students in higher institution is consta ntly increasing.University Grants Commission remarks that, â€Å"If increasing number admtted in our universites without corresponding expansion of facilities, there is a great risk of the academic standard being imparted further. ” In order to checked the ncreasng number of students in university, It has been suggested that the new and modern method of selective system of admission should be adopted. 11. Non-availability of Educatioal Facilities and Lack of Funds :The main reason for the low standard of education in universities is non-availability of educational facilities and lack of silver.The student face shortage of books, libraries are not well-equiped. In many degree college, no proper building and classroom and do not possess even playgrounds. To solve this problem, a high level committee should be appointed for providing necessary funds to the institution. The Government of India, the State Government and non-governmental organisations and the rich people should p rovide necessary funds and donations to raise the standard of higher education. 12. Poor conditions of the payment Teachers:The teachers of colleges and universties are getting less salaries and allownces in order to meet their expense.Consequently, they are not able to devote themvelves with heart and soul into the teaching works. The Commission has made important provisions to increase the salaries and allownces of the teachers at different stage should be implemented by the Government. 13. Too much burden of the works and service of the Teachers: The teachers also have been burdened with too much work. and not able to performed th teaching work properly. The bulge teacher of university were given research work.The Kothari Commission has remarked, â€Å"There is much serous concern that in many places there is too much teaching but relatively too little of good teaching. ” The Education commission has made important provisions to improvement the works and service of the t eachers should be implemented by the Government. 14. Wide gulf between the Teachers and Students:The increasing number of students in higher education making a wide gulf between the students and the teachers. The teachers not able to recognise each students of the class and no fundamental interaction between them.While in western countries the students and teachers work together like family and build good human relationship between them, there is no relatinship between the students and teachers and separated their interest in India. In order to build relationship between the students and the teachers, it is necessary to adopt tutorial system. Beside this, the educational institution should also organise more interaction programme like debate and discussion, seminar, workshop etc which assistance the students to increase their knowledge with the help of the teachers.Almost all the above problems have attracted the attention of the University Education Commission, which has made m any suggestions to solve these problems. Most of these suggestions have been accepted by the government and many of them have already been implemented. It may, therefore, be hope that after solving all our present problems, the higher education will make the complete development of the personality of the youth and by maturation their intellectual and physical powers will make them able citizens of the country.\r\n'