A Primer on the Price Elasticity of Demand

A Primer on the Price Elasticity of Demand Value versatility of interest (in some cases alluded to just as value flexibility or flexibility of interest) quantifies the responsiveness of amount requested to a cost. The equation for value versatility of interest (PEoD) is: PEoD (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) (Note that value versatility of interest is not quite the same as the slant of the interest bend, despite the fact that the incline of the interest bend likewise quantifies the responsiveness of interest to cost, as it were.) 2:48 Watch Now: How Does Price Elasticity of Demand Work? Figuring the Price Elasticity of Demand You might be posed the inquiry Given the accompanying information, figure the value versatility of interest when the value changes from $9.00 to $10.00. Utilizing the outline on the base of the page, well walk you through responding to this inquiry. (Your course may utilize the more muddled Arc Price Elasticity of Demand equation. Provided that this is true, youll need to see the article on Arc Elasticity) In the first place, well need to discover the information we need. We realize that the first cost is $9 and the new cost is $10, so we have Price(OLD)$9 and Price(NEW)$10. From the outline, we see that the amount requested when the cost is $9 is 150 and when the cost is $10 is 110. Since were going from $9 to $10, we have QDemand(OLD)150 and QDemand(NEW)110, where QDemand is short for Quantity Demanded. In this way we have: Price(OLD)9Price(NEW)10QDemand(OLD)150QDemand(NEW)110 To ascertain the value versatility, we have to recognize what the rate change in amount request is and what the rate change in cost is. Its best to ascertain these each in turn. Ascertaining the Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded The equation used to figure the rate change in amount requested is: [QDemand(NEW) - QDemand(OLD)]/QDemand(OLD) By filling in the qualities we recorded, we get: [110 - 150]/150 (- 40/150) - 0.2667 We note that % Change in Quantity Demanded - 0.2667 (We leave this in decimal terms. In rate terms this would be - 26.67%). Presently we have to compute the rate change in cost. Computing the Percentage Change in Price Like previously, the equation used to compute the rate change in cost is: [Price(NEW) - Price(OLD)]/Price(OLD) By filling in the qualities we recorded, we get: [10 - 9]/9 (1/9) 0.1111 We have both the rate change in amount request and the rate change in cost, so we can compute the value versatility of interest. Last Step of Calculating the Price Elasticity of Demand We return to our recipe of: PEoD (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) We would now be able to fill in the two rates in this condition utilizing the figures we determined before. PEoD (- 0.2667)/(0.1111) - 2.4005 At the point when we dissect value flexibilities were worried about their supreme worth, so we overlook the negative worth. We reason that the cost flexibility of interest when the cost increments from $9 to $10 are 2.4005. How Do We Interpret the Price Elasticity of Demand? A decent financial specialist isn't simply keen on figuring numbers. The number is an unfortunate chore; on account of value flexibility of interest it is utilized to perceive how delicate the interest for a decent is to a value change. The higher the value flexibility, the more delicate customers are to value changes. A significant expense flexibility proposes that when the cost of a decent goes up, customers will purchase significantly less of it and when the cost of that great goes down, shoppers will purchase significantly more. An extremely low value flexibility suggests the polar opposite, that adjustments in cost have little effect on request. Frequently a task or a test will ask you a subsequent inquiry, for example, Is the acceptable value versatile or inelastic somewhere in the range of $9 and $10. To address that question, you utilize the accompanying general guideline: In the event that PEoD 1, at that point Demand is Price Elastic (Demand is touchy to value changes)If PEoD 1 at that point Demand is Unit ElasticIf PEoD 1 at that point Demand is Price Inelastic (Demand isn't delicate to value changes) Review that we generally overlook the negative sign when breaking down value flexibility, so PEoD is consistently positive. On account of our great, we determined the value versatility of interest to be 2.4005, so our great is value flexible and along these lines request is touchy to value changes. Information Cost Amount Demanded Amount Supplied $7 200 50 $8 180 90 $9 150 150 $10 110 210 $11 60 250

Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills Essay Example for Free

Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills Essay Don’t rebate the significance of relational abilities in the work environment. How you are seen by your director and collaborators assumes an enormous job in things as minor as your everyday joy at the workplace and as major as the fate of your profession. Regardless of how hard you work or what number of splendid thoughts you may have, on the off chance that you can’t interface with the individuals who work around you, your expert life will endure. Fortunately there are a few solid things that you can do to improve your social aptitudes and become nearer to your associates. These apparatuses will eventually assist you with prevailing in today’s working world. Attempt these 10 supportive tips for improving your relational aptitudes: 1-Smile:-  Few individuals need to associate with somebody who is consistently sad. Give a valiant effort to be benevolent and playful with your associates. Keep up a positive, sprightly mentality about work and about existence. Grin frequently. The positive vitality you emanate will attract others to you. 2-Be grateful:- Find one positive thing about everybody you work with and let them hear it. Be liberal with recognition and kind inspirational statements. State thank you when somebody causes you. Cause associates to feel invite when they call or stop by your office. On the off chance that you let others realize that they are valued, they’ll need to put forth a strong effort. 3-Pay consideration regarding others:- Observe what’s going on in different people’s lives. Recognize their glad achievements, and express concern and compassion toward troublesome circumstances, for example, a sickness or passing. Look and address individuals by their first names. Approach others for their sentiments. 4-Practice undivided attention:- To effectively listen is to exhibit that you plan to hear and comprehend another’s perspective. It implies rehashing, in your own words, what the other individual has said. Thusly, you realize that you comprehended their significance and they realize that your reactions are more than empty talk. Your associates will value realizing that you truly tune in to what they need to state. 5-People together:- Create a situation that urges others to cooperate. Treat everybody similarly, and dont play top choices. Abstain from discussing others behind their backs. Follow up on different people groups proposals or solicitations. At the point when you say something or declaration, verify that you have been comprehended. On the off chance that people consider you to be somebody strong and reasonable, they will develop to confide in you. 6-Resolve clashes:- Take a stage past basically uniting individuals, and become somebody who resolves clashes when they emerge. Figure out how to be a powerful go between. On the off chance that Co laborers quarrel over close to home or expert contradictions, orchestrate to plunk down with the two gatherings and help sort out their disparities. By taking on such an influential position, you will earn regard and profound respect from people around you. 7-Communicate plainly:- Pay close consideration regarding both what you state and how you state it. An unmistakable and powerful communicator dodges false impressions with colleagues, collegues, and partners. Verbal persuasiveness extends a picture of insight and development, regardless of what your age. In the event that you will in general proclaim whatever rings a bell, individuals won’t put a lot of weight on your words or conclusions. 8-Humor them:- Don’t be hesitant to be interesting or cunning. The vast majority are attracted to an individual that can make them snicker. Utilize your comical inclination as a successful apparatus to bring down hindrances and addition people’s fondness. 9-See it from their side:- Empathy implies having the option to place yourself in somebody else’s shoes and see how they feel. Attempt to see circumstances and reactions from another person’s viewpoint. This can be practiced through keeping in contact with your own feelings; the individuals who are cut off from their own sentiments are frequently unfit to relate to other people. 10-Dont gripe:- There is nothing more regrettable than an incessant grumbler or complainer. In the event that you essentially need to vent about something, spare it for your journal. On the off chance that you should verbalize your complaints, vent to your close companions and family, and keep it short. Save people around you, or, in all likelihood you’ll get an awful notoriety.

Whats a Good ACT Score for an Honors Student

What's a Good ACT Score for an Honors Student SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It very well may be difficult to determine what considers a decent score on the ACT, particularly for high-accomplishing understudies. In this article, I'll clarify what serious ACT scores arefor a distinctions understudy and what that implies for you. In any case, first we should characterize our terms! What Is an Honors Student? Responding to this inquiry is dubious becausenot everybody or each school agrees.Some schools have explicit distinctions classes, and taking a crack at these is the thing that successes you the title. Different schools name understudies to a respect roll dependent on their GPAs. Still others may relate the expression respects with a specific degree of class rank. Whatdo we as a whole appear to concur on?Honors understudies are, comparative with the general secondary school populace, higher scholastic achievers. This implies their objectives on the ACT are probably going to be higher, as well, in order to keep their government sanctioned grades in accordance with their evaluations, and, at last, to keep them serious as candidates to progressively first class schools. What Is a Good ACT Score? It's somewhat difficult to make certain about an accurate meaning of a decent score, in light of the fact that there's no single number that denotes the limit between a decent score and an awful one.What a decent score looks like for some random understudy at last relies upon what they need to do with it and who they're contending with. For most understudy, getting a decent score is less about hitting a self-assertive number and progressively about arriving in a range that makes you look appealing to the schools you would like to join in. Your score objective will be totally different in case you're seeing Ivy League schools than if you're taking a gander at your neighborhood state school.Ultimately, agood score is thescore that gets you where you need to go. In any case, you are being contrasted with different candidates, so would it be able to be useful to see how you stack facing your companions. Think about that perfect ACT score as a pass to your fantasy school. Great ACTScores for Honors Students We ran some factual investigations to respond to the fragile inquiry of what a decent score truly resembles for a distinctions understudy. We utilized what's known as a Monte-Carlo technique, which is significantly more exact than simply arranging percentiles and looking at those. Just in light of the fact that you're a topstudent at your school, that doesn't really make you a toptest taker. Why not, you may inquire? For a certain something, secondary schools select distinctions understudies dependent on models other than the ACT. For another, a few understudies withhigh GPAs battle with low ACT scores. Our examination consider. In light of our information, we've ordered high, normal, and low scores for the two distinctions and high distinctions understudies. Respects Students We're characterizing these as the top third of secondary school understudies. It's conceivable that a portion of these understudies are not perceived as respects understudies at their schools, and it's conceivable that a few understudies perceived as praises understudies at their schools are not among this third. How about we take a gander at the scope of scores for this gathering: A low score(25th percentile) is24 A normal score (middle) is 26 Ahigh score (75th percentile) is 29 You'll see that these scores are clusteredfairly near one another. That is on the grounds that it's actually a truly little scope of scores, taking everything into account. Join that reality with a lofty chime bend dissemination, consider that we're taking a gander at the far finishes, and, sufficiently sure, you end up with this group impact. High Honors Students We're characterizing these as the top tenth of secondary school understudies. These understudies are the ones well on the way to be in high distinctions programs, however a similar disclaimer applies here as it did previously. We should take a gander at the scope of scores for this gathering: A low score(25th percentile) is29 A normal score (middle) is30 Ahigh score (75th percentile) is32 Notice that these scores are clusteredextremely near one another. As you get up to the most noteworthy scores, each point tallies. Be an absolute misanthrope with regards to those focuses squeeze your notorious pennies. Take-Aways Respects understudies, and particularly high distinctions understudies, need to invest additional push to separate themselves from the group. The distinction between an OK appearing of a score and a grand slam of a score can be completely in the subtleties. What's Next? Begin placing in the work to get ready for this test overall quite early. Invest a little energy making sense of exactly to what extent you ought to dedicate to readiness. Focus on perfection:a score of 36 is hard, yet conceivable. Consider the possibility that you don't have the advantage of time. Find out about heavenly a minute ago projects to get ready for the test. Need to improve your ACT score by 4+ focuses? Download our free manual for the best 5 procedures you need in your prep to improve your ACT score significantly.

The Human Genome Project (Hgp) and Bioinformatics free essay sample

Its objectives were to identifyâ all the roughly 25,000-30,000 qualities in the human genome, to determineâ the groupings of the 3 billion compound base matches that make up the human genome, to storeâ the data that came about because of the undertaking in databases, to improveâ tools for information examination, to transferâ related advances to the private area, and to addressâ the moral, legitimate, and social issues (ELSI) that may emerge from the task. As analysts become familiar with the elements of qualities and proteins through the outcomes acquired from the undertaking, it will have a significant effect in the fields of medication, biotechnology, and the existence sciences. For example, the hereditary successions recorded by the undertaking will help in the recognizable proof of hereditary infections. When the reasons for those maladies are found and comprehended, there is trust that deficient qualities might be fixed and the ailment restored by setting up new medications dependent on the DNA base groupings of those qualities or the structure of proteins coded for by them. We will compose a custom paper test on The Human Genome Project (Hgp) and Bioinformatics or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As of now, the qualities answerable for cystic fibrosis, bosom malignant growth, colon disease, and sickle cell weakness have been discovered, making hereditary tests for transporters of the illness a reality. Moreover, the sequencing of the whole human genome will give us new bits of knowledge into the roots, advancement, and movement of people. The requirement for bioinformatics abilities has been hastened by the blast of openly accessible genomic data coming about because of the Human Genome Project. Bioinformatics is a field that manages theâ application of PC innovation to assemble, store, break down, and incorporate essentially sub-atomic organic data. Utilizing this data in a computerized design, bioinformatics can take care of issues of atomic science, foresee structures, and even recreate macromolecules. Its definitive objective is to empower the revelation of new natural bits of knowledge that could impactsly affect fields as shifted as human wellbeing, farming, condition, vitality, and biotechnology. Bioinformatics is fundamental as its methodologies are utilized to comprehend the capacity of qualities, the guideline of cells, tranquilize target determination, sedate structure, and sickness. The most notable utilization of bioinformatics is grouping examination. In arrangement investigation, DNA groupings of different life forms are put away in databases for simple recovery and correlation. The Human Genome Projectâ is a case of an arrangement investigation. Utilizing huge PCs and different techniques for gathering groupings, the whole human genome was sequenced and put away inside an organized database. DNA successions utilized for bioinformatics can be gathered in various manners. One technique is to experience a genome and search out individual successions to record and store. Another strategy is known as the shotgun sequencing, which is to get gigantic measures of pieces of DNA and analyze them all, discovering entire arrangements by covering the repetitive fragments. Shotgun sequencing is right now the most well known in light of its straightforwardness and speed. By contrasting known successions of a genome with explicit transformations, much data can be gathered about unfortunate changes, for example, malignant growths. With the finished mapping of the human genome, bioinformatics has gotten significant in the examination of malignancies in the expectation of an inevitable fix. There are numerous different uses of bioinformatics, including anticipating whole protein strands, figuring out how qualities communicate in different species, and building complex models of whole cells. As registering power increments and our databases of hereditary and atomic data extend, the domain of bioinformatics makes certain to develop and change definitely, permitting us to fabricate models of mind boggling unpredictability and utility.

From Relative Isolation to Global Involvement Essay

At the hour of the Spanish American War the United States went from relative disengagement to expanded worldwide association as a result of 1. The soul of the American individuals caught by the possibility of the wilderness and, 2. The conviction it was the obligation of America to keep up tranquility everything being equal. The results of this expanded worldwide inclusion on American Society was 3. The conflicting perspectives on the radical and hostile to colonialist parties. America initially made a stride towards more prominent world contribution because of 1. The impacts of the boondocks on the American soul. In 1893 Fredrick Jackson Turner conveyed the possibility of â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History,† to a social affair of students of history. As indicated by Turner, the boondocks was â€Å"the line of most fast Americanization.†1 The possibility of the outskirts as clarified by Turner takes a gander at the consistent development westbound by the European’s who came to America. It talks about the time from the principal appearance until when there is not, at this point a boondocks line, and how the country created as the development westbound proceeded. â€Å"Little by little he changes the wild, however the result isn't the old Europe, not just the improvement of Germanic germs, anything else than the primary marvel was an instance of inversion to the Germanic imprint. The truth of the matter is, that here is another item that is American. From the outset, the wilderness was the Atlantic coast. It was the outskirts of Europe undeniably. Moving westbound, the wilderness turned out to be increasingly more American.†2 As the Americans wandered westbound each new move past an outskirts was created on preliminaries of the one preceding it. While more often than not development would be met by others whom have vanquished that land, this was not the situation for America, which gave it a one of a kind chance. It was then taken back to the crude stage as every boondocks was progressed after, offering ascend to new types of government and establishments. The development of the boondocks until there not, at this point was a line was the primary driver of Americanization as America immediately extended and built up its own goals separated from that of its mom country. Americans immediately began to look all starry eyed at the thoughts that they had set up and began to shape imperialistic standards that it should start to extend its business advantages somewhere else into the world. As American delighted in proceeded with extension and improvement it was then prompted more noteworthy world contribution because of 2. The conviction that it was the obligation of the American individuals to keep up harmony on the planet. As time advances from the times of Washington’s administration to the hour of Theodore Roosevelt’s administration we see a significant move in the international strategy of the United States. In Washington’s Farewell Address he cautioned of the association in outside issues expressing, â€Å"†¦a energetic connection of one country for another produces an assortment of indecencies. Compassion toward the most loved country, encouraging the hallucination of a nonexistent normal enthusiasm for situations where no genuine regular intrigue exists, and injecting into one the animosities of the other, deceives the previous into a support in the fights and wars of the last without satisfactory instigation or justification.†3 This was the basic idea of the time and it was indeed exemplified in the Monroe Doctrine during President Monroe’s yearly message to the Congress in 1823. â€Å" In the wars of the European powers in issues identifying with themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our arrangement to do so.†4 These musings of staying unbiased from participating in remote issues remain bleeding edge generally up until 1905 when Theodore Roosevelt made a Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Right now we see the move in American reasoning that it is there obligation as a country to mediate on world undertakings in a quiet manner as to advance the government assistance of all. It additionally proceeds to discuss how if different nations are not acting in an ethical manner that it would be the duty of the American individuals to intercede in the style of a worldwide police. â€Å"Chronic bad behavior, or a feebleness which brings about a general slackening of the ties of edified society, may in America, as somewhere else, at last require intercession by some humanized country, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United St ates to the Monroe Doctrine may compel the United States, anyway hesitantly, in egregious instances of such bad behavior or barrenness, to the activity of a global police power.†5 These three significant noteworthy reports show the moving international strategy of America as a country paving the way to and presently following the Spanish-American war. The result of this expanded world inclusion on the American societyâ was 3. The rising discussion over imperialistic standards and hostile to imperialistic beliefs. A significant defining moment in the beliefs of American’s was the success of the Philippines. It was lamentably that McKinley was constrained into war through misrepresented paper articles that created a lot of scene in the American culture and gave a last push towards the United States entering war with Spain. Following the war President McKinley was cited as saying: â€Å"When I next understood that the Philippines had dropped into our laps I admit I didn't have the foggiest idea how to manage them†¦ And one night late it came to me this way†¦1) That we were unable to give them back to Spain-that would be fearful and shameful; 2) that we were unable to give them to France and Germany-our business equals in the Orient-that would be terrible business and discreditable; 3) that we not leave them to themselves-they are unfit for self-government-and they would before long have rebellion and mismanagement over yonder more regrettable than Spain’s wars; and 4) that there was nothing left for us to do however to take them all, and to teach the Filipinos, and elevate and cultivate and Christianize them, and by God’s elegance do the absolute best we could by them, as our individual men for whom Christ additionally died.†6 This caused a lot of discussion in the American culture and keeping in mind that many concurred that it was the obligation of the United States to do as McKinley stated, others contended that this imperialistic method of acting was not in any manner in accordance with the establishments the nation was based on. This was the beginning of the Anti-Imperialist League. The Anti-Imperialist League contended that â€Å"†¦imperialism is threatening to freedom and inclines toward militarism, an abhorrence from which it has been our magnificence to be free.†7 They accepted that the imperialistic perfect was straightforwardly assaulting the thoughts that were the foundation of the country for so long that it was a wrongdoing to have confidence in them and practice them. In spite of the fact that there was a lot of discussion over these subjects, America proceeded ahead with its extension in the years to come.

Modes of enquiry - Free Essay Example

Task 1 A. Methods of enquiry The following discussions will cover the means on which information is retrieved, construed and consequently interpreted in the modern organisation. For this study, three types of enquiry are taken into consideration. Specifically, the modes of enquiry like analytic-deductive, systems thinking and inductive-consensual are to be discussed. The discussions are to be based on the existing organisational literature. Analytic-Deductive The rational model of inquiry is used in the process of analytic-deductive model. In the simplest sense, this model rests on the assumption that every problem involving the human condition is addressed such that it fits in a formula. This assumption also implies that there is a specific formula that applies in every specific situation. (Linstone and Mitroff, 1995, 43) In a sense, this mode recognises that there is a single truth that could apply provided in every type of problem. Based on that definition alone, it appears that this mode evidently follows a particular pattern in the process of enquiry. Hence, one could surmise that this mode is rather mechanical and even unyielding. At some degree, the lack of flexibility or even the chance to change directions in the last minute is out of the question. This is the weakness of this mode. It presupposes that the every enquiry goes through a particular process and that it also presupposes that every process fits that particular situatio n. Another area on which this mode shows some shortcomings is the fact that it does not consider all aspect of the information. It disregards those which do not fit the problem. Logical consistency of the data acquired with the needed information is one of the indispensible elements required in the process. (Linstone and Mitroff, 1995, 45) To put it in plain words, the process has the tendency to treat problems as puzzles to be resolved. This means that every problem is solved as there are only missing pieces required to fill in every situation. Every situation is ready to be dismantled and remade to rectify any of the perceived problems that organisations come across. In looking at the discussions above, it appears that this mode of enquiry uses a simple process which could be beneficial in some respect and adverse in others. Systems thinking The Systems thinking enables the decision-maker to be involved in all disciplines and context to come up with the most appropriate actions, solutions or conclusions. In addition, this mode of enquiry enables the management of the decision-maker to choose what he or she thinks would be the most effective and appropriate enquiry system to utilize for a certain issue. In addition, the decision-maker is not restricted to constraints to a certain idea; rather, he or she can provide infinite factors and issues about the given data. In line with the use of internet, the unbounded system thinking is useful since the internet itself offers different challenges and conception which must be given enough consideration to have a successful outcome. One of the consequences of using this approach is that the decision-maker may use factors which may be irrelevant to the issue given. In this manner, problems in having more conflicting issues may provide difficulties for the decision maker to efficiently decide on the problem or issues. In addition, with too many options developed with this system, the decision-maker will not be able to critically analyze each which may affect the decision to be made. Inductive-consensual The inductive-consensual system is defined by the process of deducing a general conclusion from the collection o data acquired or accessed by the organisation. (Linstone and Mitroff, 1995, 35) Like the first mode of enquiry discussed in this paper, the inductive-consensual model is one of the simplest types of enquiry models of enquiry. This is because there is an inherent assumption that the answers to issues are based on these acquired data. The Delphi model indicated in organisational literature is possibly one of the best examples of this mode of enquiry. In these types of models, the processes involve knowing the specific problem and consequently arrive at a perspective that will bestow to the organisation a single final solution. IS strategic planning Using Systems thinking Systems Thinking is therefore a way of positioning yourself relative to an organisational or systems issue. People who use systems thinking keep one eye on the big picture and one eye on the detail. They recognise how structures in one part of the system can impact on other parts, and they understand the longer term patterns of behaviour that lead to events and crises. Systems Thinking uses tools such as causal loop diagrams and graphs over time to analyse and describe problems and ways of making improvements. It is supported by System Dynamics modelling that enables the development of a computer simulation model that is able to test alternative policies and future scenarios. System Dynamics modelling provides an environment in which feedback and delays that underpin system behaviour are brought into play with a focus on a particular issue. It combines, hard quantitative data derived from analysis of the system under investigation with other more qualitative information. It aggregates this into a high level strategic model designed specifically to explore policy options and future scenarios that relate to the issue under investigation. Systems thinking and the use of system dynamic modeling is an essential tool for strategic planners and commissioners working in complex systems. It enables strong analytical competences within an organisation to be harnessed in a way that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾makes senseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ to policy makers. It engages these policy makers alongside other stakeholders in a partnership that defines, explores and makes decisions based on their insights. Such decisions are underpinned by good quantitative analysis, but rely equally on st akeholder engagement and an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾intelligentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ use of this analysis. Strategic planning can easily get a bad reputation amongst those who have had a poorly handled experience with it, with such pitfalls as: Getting bogged down in intellectual debates of conflicting terminology and models. Seeing it as a linear process, requiring perfection at every step before proceeding. Ending up with SPOTS (Strategic Plan On The Shelf) a wasteful, academic exercise. Plans are nothing. Planning is everything. Systems thinking offer an approach that avoids these pitfalls and makes strategic planning what it should be a crucial, iterative and adaptive process, helping us judge journeys that are prone to success, not failure. A Systems Thinking model for Strategic Planning Even the most complex systems can be understood using a simple building-block model of Output, Feedback-Loop, Input, Throughputs and Environment. When applied to Strategic Planning in its skeletal form: Task 2 Multinational corporations (MNCs) are businesses that have operations in more than one country. The energy business, BP, operates in more than 100 countries. Corporations that control assets in more than one country are also known as transnational corporations (TNCs). Some MNCs control more money than some governments. Exxon Mobil, the parent of Esso, Mobil and Exxon Mobil companies around the world, is the biggest MNC. Macro level: the most important changes taking place in the macro environment can be summarized in the so-called PEST analysis: PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro environmental factors used in environmental scanning. P Political and legal factors E Economic factors S Socio-cultural factors T Technological factors. Can be used as a basis for the analysis of business and environmental PEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. Political Factors Include government regulations and legal issues, define both formal and informal rules under which the firm must operate. Some examples include: Tax policy Employment laws Environmental regulations Trade restrictions and tariffs Political stability Economic factors Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital. The following are examples of factors in the macro economy: Economic growth Interest rates Exchange rates Inflation rate Social Factors Include the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment. These factors affect customer needs. Some social factors include: Health consciousness Population growth rate Age distribution Career attitudes Emphasis on safety Technological factors Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions. Some technological factors include: Research Development activity Automation Technology incentives Rate of technological change During the past 20 years,a newand fundamentally different form of international commercial activity has developed, greatly increasing worldwide economic and political interdependence. Very few countries remain isolated in the world of business; rather than merely buying resources fromand selling goods to foreign nations, multinational companies (MNCs) now make direct investment in fully integrated operations that cover the spectrum of goods and services. Today, MNC networks control a large and growing share of the worlds technology, marketing and productive resources. Rates of economic growth fluctuate over time and across the globe. While growth is undoubtedly cyclical, the indications are that the developed economies are unlikely to see again the rate of growth experienced in the first decades after the Second World War. The state of national and international economies affects businesses directly in a number of ways; for example, it affects interest rates and hence the cost of borrowing. In times of slow economic growth governments, or their central banks, tend to reduce interest rates to make borrowing cheaper and hence stimulate spending. When economic growth is rapid, concerns for growing inflation, or economic overheating, lead to increased interest rates to dampen demand. Interest rates have a number of effects in addition to directly raising or lowering the cost of borrowing. In particular they have a psychological effect on the confidence of consumers and businesses, affecting purchasing decisions beyond purely rational, or economic, judgement. Company investment decisions are often delayed in times of relatively high interest rates and that can then have an obvious knock-on effect on suppliers further down the supply chain. Consumers too may delay purchases, especially where they are to be made using loans that are increasingly expensive. The housing market, for example, is particularly vulnerable to interest rate changes. Perhaps one of the most obvious ways in which the political and economic environment affects demand is through the fiscal, or taxation, policy of the regime that is in power. Where taxation rates are high they result in low disposable incomes, which can depress demand. Low taxation tends to be a spur to growth. But there are two main types of taxes and their effects may be different. Direct taxation taxes income and hence affects the overall disposable income available for purchases. Indirect taxation, on the other hand, taxes purchases and may, through its selective application, shift demand from one area to another. Employment and unemployment rates also follow economic and business cycles. In times of economic slowdown firms may find their order books less full and hence be forced to pursue efficiency gains through downsizing. IS Strategy Information System Strategy provides students with an understanding of the contemporary technological and organizational issues involved in the management of information technology resources at a strategic level. The role of information systems in providing competitive advantage and the frequent need for business re-engineering that accompanies adoption of new technology are discussed. Strategic IT planning and the evaluation process to ensure proper alignment of technology to business goals are also explained. Global IT issues are also considered. The segment looks at how IT may be used to give firms a competitive advantage. Students learn how to link IT applications with business strategies within an organisation and to identify strategic business opportunities that IT can help create. Different models of competition, such as the extended rivalry model, generic strategies model and value chain model, are examined. Information technology can be used to enable business process reengineering, a powerful management technique characterised by critical scrutiny of business processes followed by their redesign. The different types of business process reengineering projects are discussed. Students learn how to apply the process and evaluate the impact of information technology on business process reengineering in organisations. Strategic planning within an organization must involve information technology planning, to align the overall business plan of the firm. Students explore ways in which IT enables a firm to fulfil its strategic objectives and some of the challenges faced by organisations while conducting IT planning. Commonlyused approaches the critical success factors approach, contingency approach and business systems planning approach are reviewed, along with best practices in IT planning. The segment describes ways in which you can assess the costs and benefits of IT deployment, at the economy level and at the level of the firm. Economic evaluation techniques are explained, as are complementary evaluation methods to examine IT performance. Service level agreement monitoring and the user satisfaction measurement are among the methods covered. Students are introduced to some of the challenges relating to the management and deployment of IT on a global scale. A global information systems strategy can help organisations improve business coordination of worldwide activities and exploit supply chain efficiencies. It is, however, important to ensure effective planning and communications, as development and implementation of global IT systems are typically centred in different locations. Task 3 Potential hard and soft problems on IS strategic planning for MNC Socially beneficial goods or services include public education programs, recycling programs, and public health programs. Socially beneficial products are culturally or socially defined and vary with a countrys conditions. For example, consumption of fatty or oil-rich foods may be considered as harmful in many developed countries where too much of oil and fat is consumed. However, in some African countries where the diet is poor in fats, consumption of these foods may be, in fact, quite desirable. Products targeted at a specific segment of a market, such as disposable diapers, disposable dishes or other time-saving goods. Although these products are highly beneficial for working mothers, they have a negative impact on the environment. Products that could be harmful if abused, such as alcoholic beverages or firearms. Buyers often do not have a good knowledge of the potential dangers of these goods. Sellers, on the other hand, are aware, or should be aware of the risks and consequences of the misuse of these products. For example, marketing powdered milk in countries where water is not safe to drink, can endanger the lives of consumers. Inherently harmful products, such as cigarettes or opium. Socially beneficial goods or services include public education programs, recycling programs, and public health programs. Socially beneficial products are culturally or socially defined and vary with a countrys conditions. For example, consumption of fatty or oil-rich foods may be considered as harmful in many developed countries where too much of oil and fat is consumed. However, in some African countries where the diet is poor in fats, consumption of these foods may be, in fact, quite desirable. Products targeted at a specific segment of a market, such as disposable diapers, disposable dishes or other time-saving goods. Although these products are highly beneficial for working mothers, they have a negative impact on the environment. Products that could be harmful if abused, such as alcoholic beverages or firearms. Buyers often do not have a good knowledge of the potential dangers of these goods. Sellers, on the other hand, are aware, or should be aware of the risks and consequences of the misuse of these products. For example, marketing powdered milk in countries where water is not safe to drink, can endanger the lives of consumers. Inherently harmful products, such as cigarettes or opium. Ethics issues Ethical behavior in organizations Ethics deals with morality rules regarding behavior conduct. and In organizational set up, ethics can be defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of individuals and organizations. Ethical philosophy There are three different ethical philosophies that individuals follow under different situations in an organizational set-up. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ These are- utilitarianism, individual rights, and justice. Organizations attempt to ensure that their employees behave ethically by using control systems The individual rights philosophy deals with safeguarding the rights of individuals, such as the right to be informed, right to free speech, right to free consent, the right to privacy, and the right to due process. Utilitarianism recommends that a course of action that achieves the greatest good for the greatest number of people is ethical Justice requires that the rules of the organization be enforced fairly and impartially. Individuals should be accountable only for factors which are under their control. Utilitarianism is the most commonly followed ethical philosophy Ethical decision ideology Ethical decision ideologies can be classified based on two dimensions: one is Idealism the belief that behaving ethically ensures positive results; and the other is Relativism the belief that moral values depend on circumstances. Based on these two dimensions, there are four classifications of ethical decision ideologies Absolutist, Exceptionist Situationist, and Subjectivist. Ethical decision ideologies Matrix An Absolutist believes in strictly following the universally accepted ethical principles. An Exceptionist refers to universally accepted ethical principles for broad guidance rather than for strict adherence. A Situationist takes a decision on a case to case basis by studying and comprehending the situation at hand. A Subjectivist prepare to abide by their respective individual ethical principles rather than adhering to universally accepted ethical principles Influencing factors of Ethics Individual factors Organizational factors: Culture and structure Performance measurement systems Reward systems Position related factors Individual factors Individuals with higher ego strengths will not depend on others for decisions making, whereas people with low ego strength will look to others for help in arriving at decisions Organizational culture The culture of an organization includes its values, belief systems, and norms. It is influenced by the behavior of the mangers or the top management of the organizations Performance measurement systems The top management of sears auto centers developed incentive systems to improve revenue performance, and set targets for their employees that were practically unachievable. The employees therefore resorted to unethical actions by indulging in unnecessary and incomplete repairs of vehicles and overcharging for services. Finally, consumers initiated legal proceedings against the organization Reward systems Reward system in many organizations tend to encourage unethical behavior like kickbacks. Also, some organizations tend to discourage and penalize whistleblowers; such punishment systems tend to further encourage unethical behavior. Reward systems should be integrated with the performance measurements systems. Position related factors These are peer pressure, the expectations of the top management regarding achievement of objectives, the presence or absence of a code of conduct, superior-subordinate relationships, extent of resource availability, etc., For example, employees of departments like marketing and purchase tend to face more ethical dilemmas Organizational factors If a specific ethical behavior is rewarded, employees will tend to continue behaving in that way. On the other hand, if any employee gets punished for a specific behavior, he and the others in the organization will not resort to that kind of behavior Influencing factors of Ethics External environmental factors political economical factors social factors Political and economical factors It include factors like government polices, tax structures, and the tariffs and duties levied on imports. Many organizations resort to bribing government officials to get contracts or licenses for businesses or to get into such transactions to stay in competitions. The case of Siemens AG officials routing organizational funds to an Italian energy company as bribes is an example of unethical behavior Social factors Giving the right information to customers regarding products and services is one of the major ethical considerations that organizations must keep in mind. Being ethical serves as a competitive advantage for organizations, as it helps them build up a good reputation and image for themselves. Johnson and Johnson- faced a serious crisis, when a few capsules of its popular medicine, Tylenol were found to be laced with cyanide. Integrated framework for ethical behavior When the ethical/unethical behavior of an individual is rewarded or punished, these decisions become a part of the employee s decision history and this further influences the decisions and behavior of the employees. MCA and Ethical issues Budgetary slack Managing earnings Ethical issues in sales Ethical issues in operations Ethical issues in Human Resources Budgetary slack Budgetary slack is a deliberate understatement of revenues and /or overstatement of expenses in the budget. Budgetary slack is caused by managerial intention rather than by an unforeseen error in the estimation process. The slack created by mangers may also be used for the organizations benefit during bad times Managing earnings Corrupt managers tend to mange earnings for personal benefits. They try to show higher earnings in order to show that budgeted targets have been achieved. In united states, the Sarbanes Oxley act was enacted to act as an external control system to restrict such practices. Ethical issues in sales The samples and gift adjustments in the pharmaceutical industry, where it is the practice to give samples of new products to doctors as a part of the sales promotion. These samples are given to the doctors so that they can try out the drug and also to help them in brand recall. Ethical issues in operations Consuming more resources, providing for greater lead times, or accepting relatively poor quality. Focuses only on gaining maximum profit at minimum costs without taking social responsibilities into consideration. Neglecting the safety of employees. Having unhealthy and dangerous working conditions and passing off confidential information Ethical issues in Human Resources Lack of Job security Increased risk of unemployment Excessive scrutiny and control Discrimination Absence of proper appraisal methods Sexual harassment Recruiting on contract basis Force them to work longer hours Regulating Ethical conduct Control activity Mechanism to regulate ethical conduct Indicating and communicating objectives Code of ethics Ethics committee Ethics training for employees Corporate governance focused on ethics Feedback through performance measurement systems Ethics committee System of whistle blowing Reward systems integrated with objectives accomplishment Reward systems focused on ethics Codes of Professional Conduct The utility principle and the golden rule are intended to be applicable to all ethical reasoning, in all contexts. For practical reasons professionals have found it convenient to supplement these with ethical rules, which address the specific needs of a specific profession. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Commitment to the ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct is expected of every member of the Association for Computing Machinery. British Computer Societ (BCS) The BCS Code of Conduct sets out the professional standards required by the Society as a condition of membership. In your professional role you I must not misrepresent my skills shall have regard for the public or knowledge. ~ ASM Code of Ethics. Health, safety and environment. (BCS Code of Conduct.) Avoid harm to others. (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct.) You shall not claim any level of competence that you do not possess. You shall only offer to do work or provide a service that is within your professional competence. (BCS Code of Conduct.) Heuristic Methods Ethical behavior and unethical behavior of the Professional Conduct an recognize a solution to an ethical problem when he see it. It does notoffer much management on how to finding a solution when he is confronted with a new ethical problem. Heuristic methods have been proposed as a way of bridging this gap. Form an ethics committee of at least five persons. Frame a specific question that creates the desired ethical dilemma. Construct a scenario of about 150 words that will evoke the dilemma. Construct at least three persuasive arguments on each side of the question. Raise objections to these arguments. Make replies to these objections. Make counter-replies to these replies. Take a stand on the issue and reach a verdict. Paramedic Method Collect data systematically about the parties Analysis the data systematically for the alternatives. Try to negotiate a social contract agreement in an imaginary meeting where all the parties are represented. Judge each of the alternatives according to ethical theories. Data Accessibility Individual Efforts to Protect Privacy Find out what is stored about you in existing databases Be careful when you share information about yourself Be proactive to protect your privacy When purchasing anything from a Web site, make sure that you safeguard your credit card numbers, passwords, and personal information Corporate Privacy Policies Should address a customers knowledge, control, notice, and consent over storage and use of information ~ fairness of information use May cover who has access to private data and when it may be used A good database design practice is to assign a single unique identifier to each customer Fairness in Information Use You have access to the sales and customer information in a flower shop. You discover that the boyfriend of a woman you know is sending roses to three different other woman on a regular basis. The woman you know is on the flower list, but she believes that shes the only woman in his romantic life. You really think you should tell the woman. Your dilemma is that you have a professional responsibility to keep the companys information Health Concerns Occupational stress Repetitive stress injury (RSI) Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Emissions from improperly maintained and used equipment Increase in traffic accidents due to drivers using cell phones, laptops, or other devices while driving Avoiding Health and Environment Problems Work stressors: hazardous activities associated with unfavorable conditions of a poorly designed work environment Ergonomics: science of designing machines, products, and systems to maximize safety, comfort, and efficiency of people who use them Employers, individuals, and hardware manufacturing companies can take steps to reduce RSI and develop a better work environment Avoiding Health and Environment Problems (continued) Research has shown that developing certain ergonomically correct habits can reduce the risk of RSI when using a computer

Women and Genocide in Rwanda - Free Essay Example

The small east African country of Rwanda is most commonly known for being the setting of one of the most brutal and efficient genocides in modern history. Traditional narratives of the Rwandan genocide, like those of most genocides and events of mass violence, depict the participants within the scope of their expected roles: men as perpetrators and women as victims. While it is true that males have much higher rates of genocidal participation (Brehm, Uggen, and Gasanabo, 2016),   females contribute to the violence more than it is acknowledged. In Rwanda, Hutu females participated in the genocide, both directly through killings, and indirectly through spreading propaganda, encouraging violence, and giving the identities and locations of Tutsis to be killed. Even at the highest level of culpability, females have been prosecuted as instrumental to the killing and torture of thousands of civilians. Data from the court proceedings and witness testimony confirms that a significant number of women take part in genocidal acts alongside men and that their participation needs to be acknowledged in order to fully tell the story of the Rwandan genocide. On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying the president of Rwanda was shot down in the capital city of Kigali, this action became the culminating event after decades of ethnic tensions and marked the start of a three month long genocide in which an estimated 800,000 to 1,000,000 minority Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed across the country. The tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis dates back to the Belgian colonization in the late 1800s; the Belgians highlighted the miniscule differences between the ethnicities to establish a ruling group, this led to them declaring the Tutsis to be more European and, thus, superior to the majority Hutus. Over the next century, even after Rwandas independence in 1962, the tensions between the ethnic groups heightened. Throughout the late 1900s, as the Hutus gained political control, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Tutsi backed militant group based in Uganda, moved into Rwanda and a civil war broke out in 1990. During the civil war, anti-Tutsi sent iment increased among the Hutu population. After the presidents assassination, Hutu extremists seized the opportunity and began the swift and systematic killings of   the Tutsis (Prunier, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While all genocides are horrific testaments to what humans are capable of, the Rwandan genocide took this a step further. Before the genocide, the population of the small East African country was roughly seven million. One hundred days later, approximately one million had been killed. The efficiency of the genocide can be attributed to the large level of civilian participation in the violence. Although state actors orchestrated the genocide, the state relied on civilians to accomplish its goal (Brehm, 2017, pg. 9). Public officials urged civilians to contribute to the eradication of the Tutsi, which, when paired with radio broadcasts spreading propaganda and hate speech, motivated Hutus across the country to take part in the violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United Nations Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in 1995 to establish an international tribunal for the sole purpose of prosecuting persons responsible for genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law (UN Security Council, 1994, pg. 2).   This tribunal indicted 93 individuals who they believed to be the most culpable for orchestrating the genocide; 62 of those indicted were sentenced, including Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, who became the first woman to be convicted of genocide and rape as a crime against humanity in an international court (Drumbl, 2013, pg. 562). Mrs. Nyiramasuhuko was the Minister of Family and Womens Development in Butare, a city in southern Rwanda, when the genocide began. She was accused of using her position to encourage the killings and ordering Hutu forces to rape Tutsi women. She used her position not only to order violence, but also to gain the trust of t hose fleeing the violence. Accounts tell of Mrs. Nyiramasuhuko telling Tutsi families that the Red Cross was providing sanctuary in a stadium, but when the families arrived they were ambushed by the Interahamwe, tortured and killed (Wood, 2004, pg. 274). Throughout the trial, Mrs. Nyiramasuhuko maintained her innocence. She insisted that her authority was overestimated, that the men, including her own son who was also indicted by the ICTR, did not commit the violence because of her influence. In her most famous line of defense, Mrs. Nyiramasuhuko insisted she was incapable of violence and   could not even kill a chicken (Gentry and Sjoberg, 2015, pg. 80). In contrast to her authoritative demeanor during the genocide, in court she played the role of a powerless woman, and maintained that she was merely a mother and incapable of contributing to any violence. Despite her claims, she was found to be instrumental in inciting the violence and perpetuating the genocide in Butare and was sentenced by the ICTR on June 24th, 2011 to life in prison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ICTR only prosecuted those who they considered to have committed the most serious of genocidal crimes and crimes against humanity; the rest were expected to be tried by the National Courts. Because of the staggering number of defendants and the fact that the majority of prosecutors and judges within the country had fled or been killed during the genocide (Gacaca Report Summary, 2012), the courts could not handle the prosecutions. As a solution to this, the Rwandan government established over 120,000 gacaca courts across the country, a traditional model of restorative justice that was used to handle community disputes informally on a local level. The principals of gacaca were forgiveness and healing within the community. The great majority of defendants were tried through these courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the local courts, 8.8% of cases involved female defendants. While this percentage seems relatively small, 1,678,881 trials were held through gacaca courts, therefore, at least 147,148 women were charged as participants in some capacity (Gertz, Brehm, and Brown, 2018, pg. 138). The gacaca courts distinguished three categories of involvement: Category 1 was for those who instigated and organized the violence and those who committed rape and sexual torture; Category 2 was for those who killed, injured with intent to kill, tortured, and desecrated corpses; and Category 3 was for property crimes. The third category was the most broad and the majority of defendants were tried as Category 3 offenders, as it covered anyone who looted, sold or obtained property of those killed, anyone who received the stolen property, and even those who benefitted indirectly from the illegal distribution in some way (Ingelaere, 2016).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of the 361,590 defendants found guilty of category 2 offenses, 5.5% (approximately 19,887) were women (Brehm, Uggen, and Gasanabo, 2014, pg. 340). Although many of them admitted to their participation, they often cited that they were forced by men to partake in the violence. The threat of harm from the Interahamwe was the most common defense, the women stated that the militia would threaten them and their children if they did not expose the whereabouts of Tutsis (Hogg, 2010, pg. 83-84). Despite the plausibleness of this claim in many cases, the defendants were not always forced to participate and, rather, chose to seek out involvement in the genocide. The accounts of female violence, though often marginalized due to the proportionality to males,   are present in the testimonies of those who witnessed the genocide firsthand. In a Human Rights Watch report, an UNAMIR officer is quoted saying: ?I had seen war before but I had never seen a women carrying a baby on her back kill another woman carrying a baby on her back (des Forges, 1999, pg. 197).   With the pervasiveness of the anti-Tutsi sentiment and the large scale acceptance of the killings, it is improbable to believe that women, who constituted 51% of Rwandas population in 1994, were insusceptible to voluntary participation. While women represented 5.5% of both category 1 and 2 defendants, they made up a larger percentage of category 3 defendants at 10.8% (Brehm, Uggen, and Gasanabo, 2016, pg. 731). While there were many women who directly perpetuated genocide through violence, gacaca data shows that women were more likely to be involved in crimes that were peripheral to the killings. Typical charges included taking jewelry and clothing off the bodies, looting the homes of those being killed, and taking victims assets, such as animals and land. During the gacaca, many females were accused of encouraging the violence, being cheerleaders who were singing songs while the men raped and killed the Tutsis (Smeulers, 2015, pg. 211). Scholars have suggested that females were more likely to participate in the genocide in ways where the level of involvement fit in with their prescribed social role as mother, wife, and homemaker. Regardless of any natural (or unnatural) predisposition to perpetrate violence, women were presented with fewer opportunities to do so (Gertz, Brehm, Brown, 2018, pg. 140). In Rwanda, women were esteemed for their role as mothers. The traditional culture emphasized the life giving powers of women and elevated them within that role (Herndell and Randell, 2013, pg. 76). In the context of the genocide, they continued the motherly persona. When encouraging the violence and calling for the massacre of the Tutsis, women emphasized the rebirth of the Hutu nation. Female support for the genocide has often been categorized within the context of maternal nationalism (Gentry and Sjoberg, 2015, pg. 76).   They also continued to fill their role as homemaker during the chaos, taking the property of the ir murdered neighbors to make better homes and provide for their family. Gacaca did not just allow for women to be prosecuted within their community, but also gave women opportunities to fill roles within the legal proceedings as judges, claimants, and witnesses. Gacaca relied on members of the community to handle the proceedings, because no formal education or level of professionalism was required of the judges. It allowed everyone in the community to be involved in the process, regardless of their status. It must be recognized that gacaca has empowered many groups in society who have often been marginalized in national life, especially women and youth, who have played central roles as gacaca judges and as participants in the general assembly (Clark, 2011, pg. 153). Women brought forth cases, questioned defendants, and determined sentences. This level of involvement was unprecedented, especially in the rural and traditional communities. When discussing gacaca, scholars concede that it was a significant sources of female empowerment in post-genocide Rwand a.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While women exerted their influence by contributing to the gacaca proceedings, they also expanded their visibility in society as victims of the genocide, especially sexual violence. The use of rape and sexual torture was pervasive during the massacres, with an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 women and girls raped (Baines, 2003, pg. 489). In 2008, the Rwandan government decentralized cases of rape and allowed for them to be held in gacaca. Prior to this, those cases were reserved for the National Courts (Ingelare, 2016, pg. 65). As gacaca began prosecuting sexual violence, the number of women participating as witnesses and claimants increased. Although the gacaca courts have been criticized for failing to protect the victims identities in cases of rape and subjecting them to the social repercussions (Brouneus, 2008), many victims felt empowered by their ability to have their victimization acknowledged and their attacker held accountable. After testifying, a v ictim told interviewers, Testifying in gacaca was empowering my heart. I was able to tell people what I went through. It made me feel pleased and stronger. Although it was traumatizing within me, later on it made me feel stronger (Brouwer and Ruvebana, 2013, pg. 960). Since the genocide, women have continued to broaden their roles within society. Women became more visible in the public sphere through their involvement in the prosecutions of the perpetrators and in gacaca, as well as their involvement in creating institutions and organizations to help victims of the genocide and restore their communities. Contrastingly, the female perpetrators and their prosecutions also contributed to the legitimization of female leaders. By holding women accountable for inciting and participating in genocide, the Rwandan government and the local communities upheld that women had personal agency and influence within society. This helped to further remove women from the margins of societal influences and establish their presence in multiple roles, rather than just the traditional ones of mother, wife, and housekeeper. Some scholars also note that post genocide Rwanda provided more opportunities for women due to the large percentage of men that were killed during the genocide and those imprisoned in the aftermath. Given the demographic imbalance after the genocide, women and even girls stepped up to take on roles as heads of household, community leaders and financial providers, addressing the needs of devastated families and communities (Herndon and Randell, 2013, pg. 74). Women became the significant majority of free people within Rwanda, and as the country began to rebuild, positions that had previously been largely held by men were now open to women. Currently, Rwanda has the distinction of having the most women in political office in the world, with 61% of the parliamentary seats held by women. In the aftermath of the genocide in 1994, Rwanda has astounded the global community by its ability to rebuild the country, from the infrastructure and government, to the social fabric. The use of restorative justice is often cited as being a contributor to the unprecedented success that Rwanda has experienced in the past two decades following the mass violence. As scholars continue to study the genocide and the societal context it occurred in, the complexity of mass violence is reaffirmed. As genocide does not have one cause nor one perpetrator, it cannot be explained monolithically. By oversimplifying individual roles and motivations, the factors are not clearly understood. Women cannot be marginalized as simply the victims of violence, and their involvement needs to be acknowledged on every level alongside mens. Within the global community, genocide and its causes must be understood. By identifying the indicators within a society, global peacekeeping efforts can detect, and, optimi stically, prevent genocides in the future.

Does the Internet make us smarter Free Essay Example, 1250 words

According to a research conducted, â€Å"A new study shows that using the Internet can actually change  your brain function. The UCLA experiment involved 24 adults, between 55 and 78 years old. Twelve of these individuals were inexperienced Internet users, while the other 12 that served as a control group were frequent users. An MRI scan was given before and after a two-week Internet training period, when the participants searched the Internet for an hour a day for seven days total. When the inexperienced group was scanned again while using the net, areas of the brain involved in decision making and working memory showed more activity. The group of frequent users that were experienced in using the Internet showed more activity in areas of the brain related to complex reasoning. Overall there was an increase in both users brain function. † (Bruny, Melissa) This displays that the internet truly helps in making a person smarter. (Collin, Thomas J) At the same time however, there are many authors who say that the internet involves making people dumber, than or not as smart as they think they are. We will write a custom essay sample on Does the Internet make us smarter or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Furthermore, social networking websites are the worst form of time wasting sources on the internet. These websites consist of people visiting each other’s profiles for hours without realising how much time they have spent doing absolutely nothing but talking to one another. Chatting on the internet, especially with strangers, is not even a safe mode of conduct to follow, which could land people into trouble. However, people do these things, and it does not necessarily make them smarter. According to a writer, â€Å"Our minds are under attack. At least that’s what I keep hearing these days. Thumbing away at our text messages, we are becoming illiterate. † (Zimmer, Carl) He states that instead of search engines like ‘Google’ making a person smarter, they are only leading to making people stupid. This is because of the vast amount of unnecessary information and websites that it has stocked as opposed to pages that actually help people attain smartness.

Up from Slavery - 1524 Words

An Analysis of â€Å"Up from Slavery† In the autobiography â€Å"Up from Slavery†, Brooke T. Washington describes his early life as a slave and at the end he tells about his speech at the Atlanta Exposition. Washington grows up on a plantation in Virginia with his mother, brother and sister. He does not know much about his father besides that he is white and lives on another plantation. He talks about his â€Å"not especially cruel† owners and the unknown history of his ancestry. Washington lives in the plantation kitchen where his mother works as the plantation cook. In the first chapter he describes the place he lives in and duties he has to fulfill as a slave. Further on he talks about education and about how the life as slave during war is.†¦show more content†¦Through the first point of view the audience gets an vivid picture of the atmosphere and difficulty of the work in the coal-mine. Washington tells about the â€Å"blackest darkness† he experienced with his eyes and he always was i n fear. He is sharing his own experiences with accidents inside the mine. He uses examples of explosions and falling objects to show the dangerous part of his job. With the help of real experiences from the narrator the audience gets a better understanding of the hard and dangerous work of slaves. In â€Å"Up from Slavery†, Washington talks about nights when his mother brings chicken home and how he was not sure where she got it from. Boston might have an answer to those events. He says that slaves on plantations did not get much to eat and therefore sometimes stole food from their masters. Since Washington’s mother worked as a cook in the plantation kitchen readers can assume that she sneaked chicken out of the kitchen every now and then even though Washington did not see it as theft. At the time it took place he did not believe that his â€Å"mother was guilty of thieving† (Washington, 676). As a slave himself, Washington is also able to talk about fact of his fellows. In his speech he gives the fact that â€Å"one-third of the population in the South is Negro race† (Washington, 690). This statistic is confirmed by Boston as he says that in a city in the south â€Å"the enslaved numbered almost 40,000,Show MoreRelatedSalvage The Bones And Up From Slavery2002 Words   |  9 Pagesthey also struggled a lot from back in the day. â€Å"Salvage the Bones† and â€Å"Up from Slavery provides examples from all of those themes. Family is one of the main themes in Salvage the Bones. The story reflects on how family helped them get through a lot. Up from slavery also tells us about family. It’s similar to Salvage the Bones, but in a different perspective. Everyone would agree that African Americans had to struggle more than the white people, and â€Å"Up from Slavery† and â€Å"Salvage the Bones provideRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Up From Slavery 2231 Words   |  9 PagesBooker Taliaferro Washington was born into a slave family in a plantation in Hale’s Ford, Franklin County, Virginia in 1856. This paper offers a book report of his autobi ography, ‘Up from slavery’. The author rose to become one of the most influential (black) leaders in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. He is widely considered as an advocate for improved race relations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, with special focus on social development of the blacksRead MoreThe Soul of Black Folk and Up from Slavery1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe Soul of Black Folk and Up From Slavery The turn of the 19th century was a time in American history that brought with it major economic, cultural, and political changes. The Reconstruction era and Gilded Age had ended with rising influential Jim Crow laws, which made a clear division among the American population. The publishing of Booker T. Washingtons, Up from Slavery and W. E. B. Du Boiss, The Souls of Black Folk both occurred in the early 1900s when oppression of the black race in AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker s Up From Slavery 1891 Words   |  8 PagesBooker Taliaferro Washington began his life in slavery on a plantation in Franklin County, Virginia in 1856. In United States during this time, slavery was instituted and Washington’s very first moments began as the victim of the atrocity. In his autobiography, ‘Up from Slavery,’ Washington characterizes the events of his life and offers a unique perspective on the racial prejudice and segregation that he endured. Through his written works an d constant effort to better the lives of blacks, duringRead More Booker T. Washingtons Up from Slavery Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pages The book, Up From Slavery, written by Booker Taliaferro Washington, profoundly touched me when I read it. Washington overcame many obstacles throughout his life. He became perhaps the most prominent black leader of his time. Booker T. Washington belived that African Americans could gain equality by improving their economic situation through education rather than by demanding equal rights. Washington’s life story was told during the mid to late 1800’s into the early 1900’s, in theRead MoreUp From Slavery, by Booker T. Washington Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesBooker T. Washington was a young black male born into the shackles of Southern slavery. With the Union victory in the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, Washington’s family and blacks in the United States found hope in a new opportunity, freedom. Washington saw this freedom as an opportunity to pursue a practical education. Through perseverance and good fortunes, Washington was able to attain that education at Hampton National Institute. At Hampton, his experiences and beliefsRead MoreAnalysis Of Up From Slavery By Booker T. Washington779 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Jim Crow laws to complicate African American lives by segregating them and giving them unequal opportunities to work, education, and etc. As a result, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois work on achie ving equality and civil rights. On Up from Slavery, Booker T. Washington argues that â€Å"It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the exercise of these privileges.†1 Washington implies that African Americans need toRead MoreThe Five Most Important Ideas in Up from Slavery Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Up from Slavery† is an autobiography written by Booker T. Washington. The book mainly talks about Washington’s life and how he had over come a lot of obstacles to reach his success. The book teaches us a lot of things, some of them are still useful today. There are five significant ideas that Booker wanted the readers to learn from his book; these five things are: education, slavery, work, the relationship between two races and the meaning of success. The most obvious and significant idea ofRead MoreEssay about Booker T. Washingtons Up From Slavery2557 Words   |  11 PagesBooker T. Washingtons Up From Slavery The autobiography of Booker T. Washing titled Up From Slavery is a rich narrative of the mans life from slavery to one of the founders of the Tuskegee Institute. The book takes us through one of the most dynamic periods in this countrys history, especially African Americans. I am very interested in the period following the Civil War and especially in the transformation of African Americans from slaves to freemen. Up From Slavery provides a great dealRead MoreEssay about Booker T. Washington: Up from Slavery2688 Words   |  11 PagesThe autobiography of Booker T. Washing titled Up From Slavery is a rich narrative of the mans life from slavery to one of the founders of the Tuskegee Institute. The book takes us through one of the most dynamic periods in this countrys history, especially African Americans. I am very interested in the period following the Civil War and especially in the transformation of African Americans from slaves to freemen. Up From Slavery provides a great deal of information on this time period and helped

Relationship Between Ethical And Abusive Coaching...

The study â€Å"The Relationship Between Ethical and Abusive Coaching Behaviors and Student-Athlete Well-Being† was conducted by Mariya A. Yukhymenko-Lescroart, Michael E. Brown, and Thomas S. Paskus, and was published in the journal Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. The researchers sought to understand the effects that a coach’s behavior had on a student’s morals, satisfaction, and impressions of team unity. Social-cognitive theory has long thought that we learn by imitating those around us, particularly those in leadership positions. The coaches of sports teams are especially prominent models in a student athlete’s life, given that they have actual authority over the student’s life. The idea of self-efficacy, which suggests that an†¦show more content†¦Coaches were first asked if their teams would participate, and if the coach approved, the students were given surveys to fill out with the assurance that it was voluntary and con fidential. Coaches were asked not to be present as the students filled out the surveys, which consisted of nineteen Likert-scale questions. 40.8% of the students were female, and the entire sample was primarily white, although 15.4% were black and 12.5% were â€Å"other.† This study had five main variables. First, the â€Å"inclusion climate,† or how unified the students felt their team was. This was measured by three questions on a 1 to 6 scale. Next was â€Å"willingness to cheat,† or the perceived readiness of fellow teammates to be dishonest, which was measured by a 1 to 5 scale question. Also measured was the â€Å"college choice satisfaction,† or how content the students felt about their choice of college. This was measured by three questions on a 1 to 7 scale. Next was â€Å"ethical leadership,† or whether the student felt that the coach was running the team with positive morals. It was measured by six questions on a 1 to 5 scale. Last was â€Å"abusive coaching behavior,† or how the students felt about their coach’s amount of abuse or lack thereof. This was assessed with three questions on a 1 to 5 scale. The perceived ethical climate of the school (measured via three 1 to 5 scale items), as well as th e gender of the team, how much media attention the teamShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ethical Principles1469 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Principles John Durham III PSY/305 March 7, 2016 Dr. Daven Salmi Ethical Principles Introduction The ethical issue that I chose to examine was an article about the relationship between ethical and abusive coaching behaviors and student-athlete well-being. I found this article very interesting because not a lot of people are aware of the ethical issues that have been and are currently going on in the athletic background. Believe it or not there are many ethical issues that relateRead MoreEthical And Abusive Coaching Behaviors And Student Athlete Well Being1339 Words   |  6 PagesThe article, The relationship between ethical and abusive coaching behaviors and student-athlete well-being by Mariya A. Yukhymenko-Lescroart, Michael E. Brown, and Thomas S. Paskus questions how coaches impact the athletes on their team and how it then affects those athletes. It is interesting because you never really see what goes on between a coach and an athlete unless you take a closer look. Many athletes rely on their coaches to do more than just coach them. In a way, they are guiding themRea d MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesHuman Resource Management (MGT501) VU MGT - 501 T his subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizationsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Gun Control in the United States Essay - 1360 Words

Mass-shootings — defined by the FBI as four or more murders occurring during the same calamity, with no distinctive time period between the homicides (Serial Murder) — have stricken across the United States at the rate of about one every two weeks since 2006 (Database of Mass Shootings, 2006-2013). This abysmal statistic has rightfully triggered much debate concerning gun restraints. The theory of gun control pertains towards any efforts intended to regulate, define, or limit the possession, production, sales, and use of guns. Since its conception, the Second Amendment — guaranteeing the â€Å"right to bear arms† — has been wildly controversial. Gun control advocates suggest that confining gun ownership would reduce the number of violent†¦show more content†¦Fully automatic firearms rapidly fire multiple bullets with the single pull of the trigger. In the United States, there are relatively modest limits regarding gun ownership. The nation has a population of about 315 million with an estimated total of guns privately held by US civilians at 270 million, tallying a rate of 88.9 firearms per 100 people (America’s Gun Culture in the World). â€Å"Every day of the year, an average of 33 Americans are murdered with guns,† (Webster and Vernick xi). There are 31,000 gun deaths per year in the nation, including 19,000 suicides, many of which are children. Nationally, 51 percent of suicides are by guns (Webster and Vernick xv). The level of carnage America encounters daily is unmistakably palpable. Gun violence is patently one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States, thus the pros and cons of gun legislations must be free of any biases and meticulously examined. Since the establishment of the National Instant Criminal Background Check System in 1998, federal law has obliged licensed firearm dealers to apply computerized background checks on all individuals to whom they sell or trade firearms wit h. Public inspections determine and verify whether a prospective purchaser is prohibited under federal commandment from possessing firearms or ammunition. This law covers an estimated 60% of gun sales, ignoring theShow MoreRelatedGun Control Of The United States1698 Words   |  7 Pagesshootings that has happened throughout the Unites States has created a great divide among Americans on what should our nation do to prevent further shootings from happening. Many people believe that forcing new laws on how people purchase weapons should require background checks. Gun Control in the United States of America is a topic that has had lots of criticism and support by many citizens. The critical people of this topic believe that the guns do not kill people, it is the people that kill peopleRead MoreGun Control And The United States1569 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States gun control is a big controversy that has been blown out of proportion the last few years. Anything that has to do with guns in the news, reporters say it is the guns fault. Gun control laws are being changed and morphed for the new society that we live in today. What gun control really means is a group of laws to control the selling and use of guns.(1). Statistics have proven that most people want more control on guns. Many surveys have shown that the benefits of gun controlRead MoreGun Control Of The United States Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control Proposal Gun control is a highly controversial topic in the United States. There are many people who are for gun control - people who want to have stricter laws to make it so criminals and other dangerous people can’t obtain a firearm. But, there are also the people who disagree with gun control laws and believe there should be a more lenient gun control to help people defend themselves during risky situations. Many gun control laws have been passed for many years. While many have beenRead MoreGun Control And The United States929 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a debated, revisited and revised issue for more than a century in the United States. Recently, after several mass shootings in the United States, gun violence issues are; yet again, renewed and in the forefront for the United States. This paper will consist of insight on gun violence in the United States and the newly imposed gun control policies by President Obama; along with, the arguments for and against the new policies and what roles both the formal and informal actorsRead MoreGun Control Of The United States1166 Words   |  5 PagesSince America’s birth, guns have played a large part in it’s society. Citizens of the United States have used firearms to protect the land they love, and their families. They even use them for engaging activities such as hunting and sport. Though firearms may seem to have a commonplace in society, weighing the rights and liberties of citizens against the safety and welfare of the public has always been a delicate process. In the United States, gun control is a of heated issue that has two sides.Read MoreGun Control And The United States988 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Reassessment in the United States Imagine this: you are in World History class at your high school almost falling asleep learning about Ancient China. It is a normal day for you and your classmates, until you hear an announcement from the principal. You expect the typical lockdown drill, but this situation is far from typical. A man with a gun breaks into your school. BANG! Several of your classmates are killed before this man can be controlled. You survive, but live the rest of yourRead MoreGun Control Of The United States1704 Words   |  7 Pagesshootings that has happened all through the Unites States has made an great divide among Americans on what ought our country do to keep further shootings from happening. Numerous individuals trust that forcing new laws on how people buy weapons should require background verifications. Gun Control in the United States of America is a topic that has had lots of criticism and support by numerous citizens. The critical people of this topic trust that the guns don t murder peo ple, is that people kill peopleRead MoreGun Control in the United States1306 Words   |  6 Pages Gun Control in the United States has gone out of control. The United States should enforce laws to not allow any guns in a house hold in order to reduce violence and crime in the country. Reducing the rate of crime in the United States, controlling big weapons, taxing ammunition, and gun collection can help make this happen. Gun Control can make this country a safer environment to live in. Gun Control has obviously gone out of control in the recent years. Look around, they are everywhere. ReducingRead MoreGun Control And The United States1435 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control For gun control, there should be some requirements for the people to take in order to own a gun for themselves. Throughout the United States, gun control should allow people to still have guns; however, the citizens should go through some changes to ensure safety throughout the nation. Gun control has given some helpful ideals before that would help the people understand the responsibilities of their guns. They want to make sure that these laws maintain to progress as a better solutionRead MoreGun Control And The United States886 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control in the United States On December 14, 2012, a gunman walked into Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, Connecticut, and killed 20 children and six adults. This tragedy shook the nation and made Americans wonder, how could this have been prevented? Recently published research suggests mass shootings are becoming more common in the United States. Harvard University researchers said in October 2014 that a mass shooting has occurred every 64 days, on average, since 2011, compared with every

William Shakespeare free essay sample

This paper details the many different works of William Shakespeare. This paper is an in-depth analysis and examination of the contribution that William Shakespeare made to the literary world. The author details Shakespeares mysterious life, including speculation as to who he may have really been. The paper covers the many different themes covered in his many plays including ambition, cruelty, justice, reconciliation, madness, betrayal and destiny that were found in Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet and Julius Caesar. The author finds that Shakespeare also used his plays to comment on political events such as in Julius Caesar, Comedy of Errors and Henry VIII. Throughout the paper the author details his masterful understanding of the human character and unparalleled mastery of the English language, a rich imagination and commentary on life in the early 18th century. Shakespeare also wrote over 150 sonnets and there is some speculation that they may have been autobiographical, but once again the author finds that there is no proof. We will write a custom essay sample on William Shakespeare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How is Shakespeare viewed by great figures of the theater? Shakespeare is the greatest discernible influence in the work of Orson Wells (Gottlieb 2000). a theatrical and cinematic director, actor, entrepreneur, public figure, and educational and political activist. Wells describes Shakespeare as embodying the fulfillment of almost utopian personal and sociopolitical desires, a figure of considerable stature, power and popularity, a truly great one who bridges the worlds of critical and commercial success. Shakespeare, in Wells mind, merges individual imagination and artistic independence with tradition and social responsibility, and emphasizes that he has that unparalleled capacity to entertain, educate, transport and ultimately unify divergent audiences, high and low. (Gottlieb)

Business Law for Consumer Commission v TPG Internet- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Law for Consumer Commission v TPG Internet. Answer: Issue Whether a contract was formed in this case, particularly on the basis of the offer and acceptance elements, or not? Rule Contract contains a promise whereby part A promises to fulfil a particular undertaking and party B pays party A, a consideration value, which is decided between A and B, for undertaking the promise. In order to form a contract, which has legal validity, there is a need for the presence of offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity and intent[1]. The very first step, which leads to the formation of contract, is the presence of an offer. It is essential to make a distinction between an offer and an invitation to treat. The offer shows that the parties A and B want to create a contract, where as the invitation to treat shows that the parties A and B just want to negotiate upon the terms of the contract. The newspaper advertisements or commercials are deemed as an invitation to treat and not an offer[2]. In Partridge v Crittenden[3], the defendants conviction was quashed as the advert was deemed as an invitation to treat. It is also important to demarcate between offer, invitation to treat and a request for information, as was held by the court in Harvey v Facey[4] where no separate offer was deemed to have been made. Upon an offer being made in a successful manner, the acceptance has to be attained on this offer. The acceptance has to be given by the party to which the offer had been made. So where the offer was made by A to B, B has to accept the offer. The offer can be revoked only till B does not accept it[5]. Also, there is a need to accept the offer in the manner in which it had been made, and if the terms are altered in the slightest of manner, it would result in a counter offer as was seen in Hyde v. Wrench[6], which would render the original offer useless. The acceptance date is taken to be such date when the acceptance communication is obtained by the offering party[7]. Though, the postal rules to acceptance is the exception of this rule as under this rule, the acceptance date is such date on which the letter containing the acceptance is posted by the accepting party. The raison d'tre behind this is that the postal office is given the status of the agent of the offering party and due to the operation of agency law, the acceptance by the postal office is to be considered as the acceptance by the offering party[8]. The date on which this letter reaches the offering party remains irrelevant. Upon the electronic communication, the Electronic Transaction Act, 1999[9] applies. The postal rules of acceptance are linked to the requirements of section 14 of this act. As per this section, the date and time on which the communication leaves the senders device, that is the date and time of the particular communication and not the date on which th e same reaches the receiver. This section is applicable for offer and acceptance both. Apart from these two elements, the formation of contract requires consideration as an element under which the parties mutually decide the value which has to be paid for the undertaken promise. There is a need for the consideration to have economic value for the contract to be valid[10]. The next requirement is to have the intention of forming legal relations. The parties also need to have the contractual capacity to create legal relations in terms of majority age and soundness of mind[11]. Application The facts of this case study are majorly concentrated upon the elements of offer and acceptance. The advert which Lianne saw in the newspaper, on the basis of Partridge v Crittenden, would be deemed as an invitation to treat as it invited quotes from the parties who wanted a party to be hosted. Section 14 of the Electronic Transaction Act and the postal rules of acceptance also play a crucial role in this case study. As the emails were exchanged in this case, on the basis of this section, the date of the communication would be the date on which it was sent and the date on which the receiver read it, would remain irrelevant. The email which was sent on 10 Jun, the very first one in the chain of emails, would be considered as a request for information on the basis of Harvey v Facey since Lianne only requested information under it. The reply to this email was also not an offer as only information was being swapped under this. The three hour afterwards email was the point where the offer was made. On this, a counter offer was made with reduced amount as there was a change in the terms of the original offer. Again, a counter offer was made with particular conditions and the higher consideration amount and this offer was valid for a specified time period only. The offer was made on 10 Jun so, it expired after seven day period on 17 Jun. Hence, it was not valid on 20 Jun when Mary stated that the price had changed. The communication of Lianne on 20 Jun would not be an acceptance. When Mary quoted $10,000 on 20 Jun that was when the new offer was made. And the acceptance was attained on this as Lianne sent an email regarding the same. However, later on she sent an email to revoke this acceptance, which would not be valid as the offer ahs to be revoked before acceptance is given. The reading or non-reading of the emails would remain irrelevant on the basis of postal rules of acceptance and section 14 of the Electronic Transaction Act. The value of consideration has already been established and the other elements of contract have been assumed as being present as the contrary to prove this is not present. This means that a contract had been created between the two parties. Conclusion To conclude, indeed a valid contract had been created between Lianne and Mary. Issue Whether Lianne has any rights under the Australian Consumer Law, or not? Rule The Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 was an act brought out in the nation, for protecting the consumers and for ensuring that the competition is properly followed in the nation. Under schedule 2 of this act, is the Australian Consumer law, which is the key legislation for safeguarding the consumers. A consumer is such a person, as per section 3 of ACL, who takes services or purchases goods to the value of $40,000 in the nation, for their own use or consumption. Through section 18, the businesses are prevented from indulging in misleading and deceptive conduct. And through section 29, the same restriction has been placed with regards to false or misleading representation. Application The facts of this case study show that Lianne is a consumer as she undertook the services of Mary and entered into a contract with her for a value of $9,500. These services were used for her personal party. And so, as per section 3, Lianne is a consumer. By not fulfilling the terms which were promised, Lianne was misled and deceived by Mary as she was provided with a different cuisine, instead of what was promised. Further, the space in the boat was falsely represented. This would mean that both sections 18 and 29 were contravened by Mary. Conclusion To conclude, Lianne is a consumer in this case, who had rights to sue Mary for breaching section 18 and 29 of the ACL. The invitation to treat and an offer are two terms which cause a lot of confusion in the daily lives of people. The confusion is due to the fact that at particular instances, the particular communication can be taken as one thing and at other instances, it could be deemed as the other one. This confusion can lead to certain liabilities for the businesses who give such adverts through the different mediums. In this discussion, the points have been put in favour of the care which needs to be undertaken by the businesses while creating the adverts to be published in hard copy and soft copy. In the first part of this discussion, Lianne reads a newspaper advertisement which was taken to be an invitation to treat based on a quoted case. The reason for holding this as an invitation to treat was because the judge in the case of Partridge v Crittenden had analysed the wordings of the advertisement and applied statutory rules of interpretation for taking out its meaning, which was ultimately deemed as an invitation to treat, instead of an offer[12]. Where a case of invitation to treat is established, there is no need for the parties to complete the sale and no liabilities are attracted on them as was seen in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots[13]. However, this is not the case with every advertisement. To make a demarcation between a particular advert being an invitation to treat and it being an offer, the wordings of such advert have to be considered. Unlike Partridge v Crittenden, in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company[14] the court deemed that the advertisement was an offer. The difference between the two could be established in the context of the placed advertisement[15]. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, the company had given an advertisement in the newspaper where it promised to award the person who got the disease even when they had used the smoke ball produced by the company. The award money was 100. Carlill used this smoke ball and still got influenza so she went to the money and claimed the award money of 100. The company denied the claim on the basis that this was an invitation to treat. However, the court agreed with the plaintiff as they stated that the newspaper advert wordings were such where the offer could be accepted by simply acting upon it. And so, the court ordered the plaintiff to be paid the promised award money[16]. The advertisements are placed in newspapers and in this growing digital age, they are found more than often across the digital platforms. The adverts also include the one posted on billboards and on the buses. So, at every place where the businesses post their advertisements, they have to take care in printing their adverts. Whatever promises or offers they made under the advertisements, have to be drafted in a manner that they remain an invitation to treat and do no become an offer. In case an offer is made through such advertisements, liability would be attracted for the businesses as they would have to go forward with the contract when the offer is acted upon by the other party[17]. Apart from the liabilities which can be raised for the businesses for posting their advertisements under the contract law, the businesses can also be made liable for the adverts on the basis of the Australian Consumer Law. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd[18] is a leading example of this in which TPG had advertised a price for their product. However, this price was deemed as misleading and a breach of section 18 was established as the adverts did not disclose fully that the consumers had to pay additional sum at later stage as this additional sum was hidden from the published advertisement. To conclude the discussion which had been carried on till now, it becomes very clear that the businesses have to take special care when they place any advertisement through the different mediums. This is because these adverts can result in a contract, where this advert is an offer, instead of an invitation to treat. And in such cases, the businesses become bound by the contract and have to fulfil the obligations covered under the contract. Apart from this, the businesses also become liable under the other laws including the Australian Consumer Law. Hence, as was stated at the outset of this discussion, it is crucial that businesses take care while placing any advert, or would attract liabilities upon them. Bibliography A. Articles/ Books/ Reports Andrews N, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) Davies PS, JC Smith's the Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2016) Elliott C, and Quinn F, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 9th ed, 2013) Furmston M, and Tolhurst GJ, Contract Formation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) Gibson A, and Fraser D, Business Law (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) Latimer P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) Marson J, and Ferris K, Business Law Concentrate: Law Revision and Study Guide (Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, 2016) McKendrick E, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 11th ed, 2015) Poole J, Casebook on Contract Law (Oxford University Press, 2016) Stone R and Devenney J, Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law (Routledge, 3rd ed, 2014) B. Cases Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] FCAFC 37 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552 Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 Partridge v Crittenden (1968) 2 All ER 421 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 QB 401 C. Legislations Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) Electronic Transaction Act, 1999 (Cth)